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A world-first longitudinal study by The University of Western Australia researchers examining the links between mental health and screen use by children and teenagers has found that guidelines to limit screen-based media-use to less than two hours a day are out of date and ‘virtually impossible' to enforce.

A team of researchers from UWA's Graduate School of Education, School of Population Health and School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health found that despite growing concern about the adverse physical and mental health outcomes associated with excessive screen-based media use, parents were finding it difficult to get their children to limit the time they spend with their screen devices.

This may be because the landscape had changed dramatically since the guidelines were written, with an explosion in the use of computers, game consoles, tablets, mobile phones and other devices by children and adolescents for everything from gaming and social networking to TV viewing and educational purposes.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in 2001 that children under two years of age have no screen exposure and that parents of children older than two years should limit exposure to less than two hours per day. Similar recommendations followed from the Australian Department of Health and the Canadian Paediatric Society.

The paper - V irtually Impossible: Limiting Australian children and adolescents' daily screen based media use - found that since then, screen-based activities had become so central to modern children's lives that it was practically impossible for parents to enforce the limits.

"The use of mobile devices now makes screen use the centrepiece of young people's social lives," the authors wrote.

"Children and adolescents live in media-saturated worlds where the introduction of newer mobile screen media has afforded them with unprecedented access to the wider world and hence a variety of activities (eg. video gaming, social networking, internet searching, TV watching) for academic, social and entertainment purposes.

"That these devices have been embraced by younger generations more quickly and incorporated more seamlessly into their daily routines has heightened concerns. Thus the viability of achieving less than two hours per day of SBMU may be difficult."

The researchers said the recommendations needed to be rethought, taking into account the extent to which screen-based media use differed across specific screen activity, sex and age.

The study, published today in BioMed Central, assessed the amount of time Australian children and adolescents spend on all types of screens and specific screen-based activities. Data were collected from 2,620 eight to 16 year-olds from 25 government and non-government schools around Perth and Western Australia. Children were asked to report how many hours they spent on different screen types and activities - from when they woke up until they went to bed, including before, during and after school.

It was found an average of 63 per cent of respondents exceeded the recommended guidelines of less than two hours. The most popular type of screen use was TV, with 90 per cent reporting use in the past week, followed by laptop (59 per cent), tablet (58 per cent), and mobile phone (57 per cent).

The amount of screen use varied with age groups, with 45 per cent of eight-year-olds exceeding the guidelines compared to 80 per cent of 14 to 15-year-olds. Boys were more likely to exceed the recommendation when playing computer games, while girls were more likely to do so through social networking, web use and TV/DVD/movies.

Co-author Associate Professor Michael Rosenberg, of UWA's School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, said that although the study's results might feel discouraging for parents who were trying to impose screen limits, they should not despair or give up.

"The study shows that it's difficult but you still need to try to encourage kids to limit their screen use," he said. "Even if you're not achieving the two hour limit, you are not failing your kids. If you are putting rules in place that limit their screen use and encouraging them to do physical activity, sit less and physically be with their friends, you're doing all right."

He said that although there were concerns about adverse physical and mental health outcomes - something still being explored by the authors as part of their ongoing study - there were also potential benefits to screen use.

"The message isn't to give up but to try and understand more about what screen use is about, what they're getting from it, and to try and identify within your own family a balance between screen time and other activities," he said.

The paper's authors include Professor Stephen Houghton of the UWA Graduate School of Education and Centre for Child and Adolescent-related Disorders;  Associate Professor Lisa Wood, of the School of Population Health; research associate Corinne Zadow, of the Graduate School of Education; Research Assistant Professor Karen Martin, of the School of Population Health; Adjunct Associate Professor Trevor Shilton, of the School of Population Health and the National Heart Foundation of Australia; and Dr Simon C. Hunter, of the School of Psychological Sciences and Health at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

The study, funded by Healthway, is part of the ongoing UWA Graduate School of Education's three year ‘screen project' , which began in 2013. The project aims to examine the relationship between screen use and mental health and to develop evidence-based guidelines for child and adolescent screen use. It is the first study internationally to look at screen use and mental health over time, and is examining frequency, intensity and types of screen-based activity used by young people and how this varies for different age groups and gender.

Media references

Professor Stephen Houghton (UWA Centre for Child and Adolescent-related Disorders) (+61 8) 6488 2391

Associate Professor Michael Rosenberg (UWA Health Promotion Evaluation Unit) (+61 8) 6488 4654 /

(+61 4 14 481 629)

David Stacey (UWA Media)                                                 (+61 8) 6488 3229 / (+61 4) 32 637 716